
Low back pain remains among the most common clinical conditions seen in a family physician’s office.

The global population is ageing, and with that there is a concomitant increase in spinal pain and mobility complaints, most related to degenerative changes.

Spondylolisthesis is a common finding in the adult patient but seldom requires surgical intervention.

Lumbar intervertebral disc herniations (IVH) carry a high lifetime prevalence and are the most common cause of sciatica.

Spondylolisthesis is a common finding in the adult patient but seldom requires surgical intervention.

This paper represents the second part of a two-part series. See Part 1 for a detailed overview of the clinical evaluation and initial triage of LBP.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool in the diagnosis and management of spinal disease, providing high-definition, multi-planar images of spinal anatomy.

It has long been recognized that, following an intervention, two patients with very similar or even identical pathophysiology can have dramatically different outcomes.