
This paper represents the second part of a two-part series. See Part 1 for a detailed overview of the clinical evaluation and initial triage of LBP.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool in the diagnosis and management of spinal disease, providing high-definition, multi-planar images of spinal anatomy.

It has long been recognized that, following an intervention, two patients with very similar or even identical pathophysiology can have dramatically different outcomes.

“Lumbar spinal pain of unknown origin, either persisting despite surgical intervention or appearing after surgical intervention for spinal pain…”

In a general sense, the term spondyloarthropathy refers to any disease involving the joints of the spine.
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Degenerative cervical myelopathy is an umbrella term describing all degenerative conditions that present with cervical myelopathy due to compression of the spinal cord.

Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability. This paper reviews the definitions and applicability of frailty tools.

Back pain is a community level health problem because of the high prevalence and burden on patients, health care and society.