Andrew M. Johnson, PhD, Associate Professor, School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.
Jeffrey D. Holmes, MSc(OT), PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.
Kevin Wood, BHSc, Research Assistant, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.
Mary E. Jenkins, BSc(PT), BEd, MD, FRCPC, Associate Professor of Neurology, Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.

Abstract
“Accidents” (specifically falls) are a major contributor to death among older adults (defined as individuals over the age of 65). Falls contribute to ongoing mobility issues, and make it difficult for individuals that have sustained a fall, or who are at significant risk for a fall, to live independently.
Keywords: cognition, falls, dual-task interference

Many people have come to view cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as a routine intervention following cardiac arrest, and they insist on CPR for their loved ones even when the physician explains its likely futility. Physicians who refuse a family member’s request to perform unwarranted CPR risk becoming the center of media, legal, and disciplinary scrutiny. Although CPR is largely perceived as a benign life-saving intervention, it inflicts indignity and possibly pain on a dying patient and should not be used when it is unlikely to succeed or to benefit the patient if successful. The growing acceptance of do-not-resuscitate orders for patients with advanced cancer has not spread to families of patients suffering from the late stages of other degenerative or terminal illnesses. Having blunt discussions about the true consequences and risks of CPR might foster greater willingness to abstain from administering CPR to patients unlikely to benefit.

This article was originally published by HMP Communications LLC (Annals of Long-Term Care: Clinical Care and Aging), 05/16/2011.

Kaitlyn Roland, MSc, Research Assistant, Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC.
Andrew M. Johnson, PhD, Associate Professor, School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.
Mary E. Jenkins, BSc(PT), BEd, MD, FRCPC, Associate Professor of Neurology, Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.

Abstract
Burden is a psychological concept, a subjective interpretation by caregivers of the extent to which the caregiving experience impacts on one's health, social life, or financial status. In this article, we examine some of the predictors of caregiver burden, and look specifically at the burden experienced by caregivers of individuals with Parkinson's disease.
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, psychological health, physical health, caregiver burden

Lovingly Quitania Park, PhD, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA.
Sarah Tomaszewski Farias, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University of California, California, CA.

Abstract
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a term used to describe the transitional stage between normal aging and dementia, wherein changes in cognitive abilities are limited enough to maintain independence. Although the degree of functional impairment present does not yet warrant a diagnosis of dementia in MCI, there are subtle changes in everyday activities that may indicate the presence of an underlying neurodegenerative condition. The goal of this paper is to review the types of functional changes that are detectable in MCI and the prognostic value of assessing everyday functioning in this population.
Keywords: MCI, Functional Impairment, ADL, Dementia, Aging.

Fatemeh Akbarian, MD, Research Fellow, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
Hatim Al Lawati, MD, FRCPC, Cardiology Resident, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
Mohammad Ali Shafiee, MD, FRCPC, General Internist, Nephrologist, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network; Clinician Teacher, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

Abstract
Proteinuria can create one of the greatest challenges in primary practice, especially in the geriatric population. It is typically detected by dipstick urinalysis, an ordinary, non-invasive test. Proteinuria is frequently a marker of unsuspected kidney disease, progressive atherosclerosis or a systemic disease. There is a strong correlation between urinary protein excretion and progression of renal failure. Furthermore, Proteinuria is a strong and independent predictor of increased risk for cardiovascular disease and death, especially in people with diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and the elderly. This article will review the clinical significance of proteinuria in adults, especially in the elderly population, and provide a practical diagnostic approach in addition to a summary of non-specific antiproteinuric therapy.
Keywords: Proteinuria, Microalbuminuria, Macroalbuminuria, elderly, Risk Factor.

Michael Gordon, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FRCP Edin, Medical Program Director, Palliative Care, Baycrest Geriatric Health Care System; Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

Abstract
Not all families work in harmony. Health care providers look to families for direction and support for those we care for especially when the patient is no longer able to make decisions for themselves. This is usually the result of a medical condition that affects the brain such as dementia, a common occurrence in those who require long-term care. When there is conflict between family members, health care and social service professionals must use their best communalization skills and sensitivities to help families resolve their differences so that the best possible care can be provided to those they love.
Keywords: sibling rivalry, conflict, decision-making.

James M. Wright, MD, PhD, CRCP(C), Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Medicine, University of BC, Coordinating Editor, Cochrane Hypertension Review Group, Vancouver, BC.

Abstract
Choosing the optimal first-line drug for patients with hypertension must address a hierarchy of treatment goals: reduction in mortality and morbidity, efficacy in lowering blood pressure, ensuring tolerability, and minimizing cost. This article examines the evidence for the different classes of first-line antihypertensive drugs in light of these four goals. The evidence indicates that first-line low-dose thiazides are better than or equivalent to other antihypertensive drug classes for each of the goals of therapy in both people with hypertension in general and in older adults ≥ 60 years of age.
Keywords: hypertension, thiazide, first-line, older adults, evidence-based.

Andrew M. Johnson, PhD, Associate Professor, School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario,
London, ON.
H. Christopher Hyson, MD, FRCPC, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON.
Kaitlyn P. Roland, MSc, Research Assistant, Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC.

Abstract
Although Parkinson’s disease is primarily considered to be a motor disorder, it has inarguable effects on cognition and personality. The cluster of neuropsychiatric sequelae known as impulse-control disorders has been of particular interest in recent years, perhaps owing to the potentially disastrous effects that such behaviors can have on individuals and families. Research has suggested that impulse control disorders are significantly more prevalent among individuals with Parkinson’s disease, particularly with regards to pathological gambling and hypersexuality, and has further suggested that these disorders are significantly and substantively affected by the use of dopamine agonists. Treatment options for impulse control disorders tend to revolve around dopamine agonist dose reduction or cessation. The use of psychosocial strategies, or deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may also be considered in the management of patients with impulse control disorders.
Keywords: Impulse control disorders, Parkinson’s disease, dopamine agonists service use.

Shabbir M.H. Alibhai, MD, MSc, FRCP(C), Staff Physician, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Research Scientist, Canadian Cancer Society

Abstract
More than one-half of new cancers and over 70% of cancer deaths occur in adults age 65 or older. Systematic screening has been associated with reductions in cancer- related mortality for a variety of cancers, including breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. Prostate cancer screening remains more controversial despite the recent publication of two large randomized trials of screening. Although guidelines are beginning to address cancer screening specifically among the growing group of seniors age 70 or older, there is virtually no guidance on estimating remaining life expectancy or considering competing causes of mortality (e.g. comorbid medical illness) in this age group. In this article, I review evidence-based guidelines for cancer screening in adults and discuss the limitations of screening studies with respect to older adults. I have also highlighted new evidence and substantive updates to guidelines since the last publication on cancer screening in Geriatrics & Aging five years ago.

Keywords: cancer screening, aged, mass screening.