Publication of THE LATEST IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS CARE supplement was made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from Aptalis Pharma

Brian Bressler, MD, MS, FRCPC,

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Abstract: A 28-year-old male presented to our office for a consultation about his bloody bowel movements. Colonoscopy revealed moderately active left-sided ulcerative colitis extending from the anal verge up to the mid-descending colon. He was prescribed both oral and rectal 5-ASAs for induction therapy, and is in remission. Appropriate patient education has helped him realize that the best chance of staying in remission is to continue on his medical therapy.

Key Words: ulcerative colitis, 5-aminosalicylate, medication adherence, dysplasia surveillance, rectal inflammation.

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Stool samples should be tested for infectious causes of bloody diarrhea.

Treatment with steroids should be avoided, if possible, as this medication carries the most risk.

In most cases, clinical remission is an acceptable outcome.

In patients newly diagnosed with left-sided ulcerative colitis, if macroscopic evidence of inflammation stops before 35 cm from the anal verge, it is critical to take biopsies in the proximal left colon in normal-appearing mucosa to determine whether a patient with left-sided disease will require dysplasia surveillance.

Patient education at each follow-up visit helps to ensure medication adherence.

We need to help patients understand that UC can be managed with medication, but not cured.

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Publication of THE LATEST IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS CARE supplement was made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from Aptalis Pharma

A. Hillary Steinhart, MD,

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Abstract: Although medical therapy for ulcerative colitis is usually effective at inducing clinical remission, numerous studies have shown that patients in clinical remission may have ongoing and varying degrees of mucosal inflammation. It appears that patients who have greater degrees of active mucosal inflammation, despite the absence of clinical symptoms, are at higher risk of developing a symptomatic flare in the near term. In patients with UC, the level of calprotectin in stool correlates not only with the degree of clinical severity but also with the presence or absence of mucosal inflammation. These findings raise the possibility of using fecal calprotectin as a non-invasive means of monitoring patients in clinical remission and adjusting treatment in those who demonstrate a rise in fecal calprotectin, before symptoms recur.

Key Words: ulcerative colitis, fecal calprotectin, flare prediction, mucosal inflammation, non-invasive monitoring.

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Patients who experience a symptomatic flare after having been in clinical remission often have increased mucosal inflammation that predates the flare—sometimes by several months.

With the importance of mucosal healing acknowledged, there has been increasing interest in more frequent assessment of mucosal healing and mucosal inflammation.

This has led to the examination of a number of non-invasive and less expensive means of assessing these parameters.

The presumption is that if such risk factors can be identified, then effective interventions can be applied earlier in the course of disease in order to prevent a clinical flare.

In patients with UC, the level of fecal calprotectin correlates not only with the degree of clinical severity but also with the presence of absence of mucosal inflammation.

These findings raise the possibility of using fecal calprotectin as a non-invasive means of monitoring patients in clinical remission, and adjusting treatment in those who demonstrate a rise in fecal calprotectin, before symptoms recur.

To have access to full article that these tools were developed for, please subscribe. The cost to subscribe is $80 USD per year and you will gain full access to all the premium content on www.healthplexus.net, an educational portal, that hosts 1000s of clinical reviews, case studies, educational visual aids and more as well as within the mobile app.

Tiffany W. Chow, MD, MSc, Baycrest Health Sciences Rotman Research Institute, and Ross Memory Clinic; University of Toronto Depts. of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Psychiatry (Geriatric Psychiatry Division).

Abstract
Much of the published clinical research in dementia has focused on diagnostic biomarkers and neuroimaging analyses that are not yet validated for routine clinical practice or on unsuccessful clinical drug trials. Primary care providers can nonetheless make a significant difference in the management of patients with dementia and their families, based on appropriate referrals of non-Alzheimer's dementia cases to specialists and supporting informal caregivers.
Frontotemporal degeneration, a non-Alzheimer's dementia that strikes in the 6th decade of life, provides many opportunities for the entire healthcare team to educate and back families up through a harrowing neurodegenerative illness. This paper is intended to highlight for primary care physicians what can be done and how to accomplish it through a team approach. Some concepts, such as a switch from medicalized views of "behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia" to "Responsive Behaviours" can be generalized across dementia etiologies, but the age at onset and marked social disability and dysfunction caused by frontotemporal degeneration warrant some additional guidelines to assure the safety and highest quality of life possible for the patient and those around him. In particular, refitting a day program to accommodate clients with frontotemporal degeneration and attending to the needs of children who find themselves in informal caregiver roles are addressed.
Keywords: caregiver, dementia, frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia.

Francesca Cheung, MD CCFP, is a family physician with a special interest in dermatology. She received the Diploma in Practical Dermatology from the Department of Dermatology at Cardiff University in Wales, UK. She is practising at the Lynde Centre for Dermatology in Markham, Ontario and works closely with Dr. Charles Lynde, MD FRCPC, an experienced dermatologist. In addition to providing direct patient care, she acts as a sub-investigator in multiple clinical studies involving psoriasis, onychomycosis, and acne.

Abstract
Periorificial dermatitis is a common eczematous eruption on the face. Clusters of follicular papules, vesicles, and pustules on an erythematous base are usually found in a perioral distribution. Other common locations include the nasolabial folds and periocular area. An underlying cause may not be found in all cases, but the use of topical corticosteroids on the face may precede onset of symptoms. Periorificial dermatitis is diagnosed clinically and no specific investigation is required. Topical anti-inflammatory therapies (such as metronidazole and erythromycin) are appropriate in mild cases. In severe cases, systemic treatments such as tetracycline or one of its derivatives are beneficial. Patients should be warned that symptoms might worsen before improvement is apparent. This complication is more commonly seen when topical corticosteroids are withdrawn.
Keywords: periorificial dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, facial rash, steroid-induced.

P.K. Shenoy, MD, DLO, FRCS, FACS¹, W. Wang, MD^2
1ENT Service Chief, Campbellton Regional Hospital, New Brunswick, Campbellton, Canada.
²Pathology Service Chief, Campbellton Regional Hospital, New Brunswick, Campbellton, Canada.

Abstract
Objectives: We report a rare case of Pilomatrixoma with an unusual presentation in an elderly individual.
Method: Case reports and review of the literature of Pilomatrixoma and its clinical presentation, familial ocuurence and genetic mutation are presented.
Result: Pilomatrixoma is a rare, slow growing benign skin tumour derived from the hair matrix cell that typically occurs in the head and neck.^8,9 Most cases of Pilomatrixoma occur in children under the age of 10. Rarely can it present in young adults or the middle age group where there is a female predominance.^1,2,12
Keywords: pilomatrixoma, calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, haemorrhagic purplish nodule, solid and cystic, pleuropotential precursor, mutation, basophilic cells, shadow cells, CTNNB1.

A. Hillary Steinhart, M.D., est membre du service de gastroentérologie du Mount Sinai Hospital/University Health Network, et est professeur de médecine à l'Université de Toronto à Toronto (Ontario).

Résumé
Bien qu'une thérapie d'entretien pour la colite ulcéreuse permette généralement d'obtenir une rémission clinique, de nombreuses études ont montré que les patients en rémission clinique pourraient présenter des degrés variables d'inflammation de la muqueuse. Il semble que les patients présentant le plus haut degré d'inflammation évolutive de la muqueuse, malgré l'absence de symptômes cliniques, sont plus susceptibles de subir une poussée symptomatique à court terme. Chez les patients atteints de CU, le taux de calprotectine dans les selles est associé non seulement à la présence ou l'absence d'inflammation de la muqueuse, mais également au degré de gravité clinique de la CU. Ces observations soulèvent la possibilité d'utiliser le taux de calprotectine fécale pour surveiller de manière non effractive les patients en rémission clinique, et modifier le traitement de ceux montrant une augmentation du taux de calprotectine fécale, et ce, avant la réapparition des symptômes.
Mots clés : colite ulcéreuse, calprotectine fécale, prédiction des poussées, inflammation de la muqueuse, surveillance non effractive.

Brian Bressler, M.D., M.Sc., FRCPC, est professeur adjoint clini-que de médecine dans
le service de gastroentérologie du St Paul's Hospital, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, à Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique).

Résumé
Un homme de 28 ans est venu nous consulter pour ses selles sanglantes. La coloscopie a mis en évidence une colite ulcéreuse gauche modérément évolutive, affectant une région allant de la marge de l'anus jusqu'au milieu du côlon descendant. Suite à un traitement d'induction avec des 5-AAS par voie orale et rectale, le patient est maintenant en rémission. Une éducation adaptée au patient lui a permis de réaliser que le meilleur moyen pour lui de rester en rémission était de continuer le traitement médicamenteux.
Mots clés : colite ulcéreuse, 5-aminosalicylate, respect du traitement médicamenteux, surveillance de la dysplasie, inflammation du rectum.